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Hydride Reduction

· NaBH₄/ NaCNBH₃

· Borane (BH₃)
Oxidation

· Alcohol
→ Aldehyde → Ketone → Carboxylic acid
· Nitrile / Amide
→ Carboxylic acid
Low-Temp. Alkylation

· n-BuLi / t-BuLi

· LDA

· Grignard Reaction
Catalytic Hydrogenation

· H₂- Pd/C
- Hydrogenation - Deprotection
· Raney Ni
Metal catalyzed Cross-coupling

· Suzuki Reaction

· Ullmann Reaction
Esterification

· Carboxylic acid to Esters
Halogenation
Vilsmeier Reaction
Nitration